{"id":1730,"date":"2019-05-03T10:46:50","date_gmt":"2019-05-03T03:46:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/?p=1730"},"modified":"2019-05-03T10:46:50","modified_gmt":"2019-05-03T03:46:50","slug":"tac-pham-duong-cach-menh-cua-chu-tich-ho-chi-minh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/2019\/05\/03\/tac-pham-duong-cach-menh-cua-chu-tich-ho-chi-minh\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n <\/td>\n\n\n<\/tr>\n\n\n<\/tbody>\n\n\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c – H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, do B\u1ed9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a\u00a0H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh\u00a0<\/em>l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), n\u0103m 1927. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u0103m 2012 theo\u00a0H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn 12-HD\/BTGTW, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn 27-HD\/BTGTW v\u00e0 H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn 32-HD\/BTGTW c\u1ee7a Ban Tuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng,\u00a0Ban Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp\u00a0gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u to\u00e0n v\u0103n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG C\u00c1CH M\u1ec6NH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng… Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ti\u1ec1n phong, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ti\u1ec1n phong<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

L\u00caNIN<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

B\u1eca \u00c1P B\u1ee8C D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C LI\u00caN H\u1ee2P H\u1ed8I\nTUY\u00caN TRUY\u1ec0N B\u1ed8 \u1ea4N H\u00c0NH<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n

T\u01af C\u00c1CH M\u1ed8T NG\u01af\u1edcI C\u00c1CH M\u1ec6NH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Ho\u00e0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Hay h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i (ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb c\u00f4ng vong t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu danh, kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eef ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a cho v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Hy sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u00cdt l\u00f2ng tham mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

B\u00ed m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec khoan th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00ec nghi\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u00f2ng b\u00e0y v\u1ebd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Hay xem x\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Xem x\u00e9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

D\u0169ng c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

V\u00cc SAO PH\u1ea2I VI\u1ebeT S\u00c1CH N\u00c0Y?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

    \n \t\n\n
  1. Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn b\u00e9, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 d\u1ec5, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ra s\u1ee9c th\u00ec ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef T\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: “S\u01b0 t\u1eed b\u1eaft th\u1ecf t\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c”. S\u01b0 t\u1eed m\u1ea1nh bi\u1ebft ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu b\u1eaft th\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 g\u00ec, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c, hu\u1ed1ng g\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c to t\u00e1t nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
  2. L\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 th\u00ec ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng “n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e1 m\u00f2n” v\u00e0 “c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0i s\u1eaft, c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00ean kim”. Vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00f3 cho m\u1ea5y, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e0m th\u00ec l\u00e0m ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u01b0a xong th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1ed1i theo l\u00e0m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i xong.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
  3. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c, mu\u1ed1n b\u1ec1n gan th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t vai, v\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ngay kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ng\u1ed3i ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng; m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng; ch\u00ed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u00e2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng; t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u00ec l\u00e0m m\u1edbi ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
  4. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch l\u1eafm. Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3 s\u1ee3, n\u00ean c\u1ea5m ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea5m ch\u00fang ta xem, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai ch\u1eef c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n l\u1edd m\u1edd l\u1eafm. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3; ho\u1eb7c x\u00fai d\u00e2n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n quen t\u00ednh \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 qu\u00ean t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
  5. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5: (1) V\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. (2) V\u00ec sao c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chung c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\n(3) \u0110em l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00fang ta soi. (4) \u0110em phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ta r\u00f5. (5) Ai l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ta? Ai l\u00e0 th\u00f9 ta? (6) C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
  6. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i cho v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb. Ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u00ea r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5t qu\u1eb1n. V\u00e2ng! \u0110\u00e2y n\u00f3i vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec th\u00ec n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n ti\u1ec7n, mau m\u1eafn, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u01b0 2 l\u1ea7n 2 l\u00e0 4, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4 v\u1ebd trang ho\u00e0ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

    H\u01a1n s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nay, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u; h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i trong v\u00f2ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba. Ph\u1ea3i k\u00eau to, l\u00e0m ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i, th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 v\u1ebd v\u1eddi trau chu\u1ed1t!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

    S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u01b0\u1edbc ao sao \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o xem r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129 r\u1ed3i th\u00ec t\u1ec9nh d\u1eady, t\u1ec9nh r\u1ed3i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft nhau m\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

    V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong hai ch\u1eef: C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh! C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh!! C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh!!!<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n\n

    C\u00c1CH M\u1ec6NH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

      \n \t\n\n
    1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i c\u0169 \u0111\u1ed5i ra c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed5i ra c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u00f4ng Galil\u00ea (1633) l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a ai c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eddi tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t vu\u00f4ng, nh\u00e2n kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y chung quanh m\u1eb7t gi\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

      \u00d4ng St\u00eaphenx\u00f4ng (1800) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i xe ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o; \u00f4ng \u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u00e0m ra xe l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

      \u00d4ng \u0110\u00e1cuyn (1859) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u00e1<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y m\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u00e1 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

      \u00d4ng C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, giai c\u1ea5p tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 sinh ra; l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        \n \t\n\n
      1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y th\u1ee9?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

        \u1ea4y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        A- T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        B- D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        C- Giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1789. M\u1ef9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1776 (\u0111u\u1ed5i Anh), Nh\u1eadt c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1864<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 Ytali \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n \u00c1o n\u0103m 1859. T\u00e0u \u0111u\u1ed5i M\u00e3n Thanh n\u0103m 1911.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

        Giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Nga \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0n\u0103m 1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

          \n \t\n\n
        1. V\u00ec sao m\u00e0 sinh ra t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
        2. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00f2 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1. C\u00f3 l\u00f2 m\u00e1y th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3. L\u00e0m ra h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Mu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua b\u00e1n th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n giao th\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
        3. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tay b\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ea3; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, n\u00f3 coi nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u, nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3n, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng cho n\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bu\u00f4n, th\u00ec h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y thu\u1ebf bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec l\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c m\u1ed7i x\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, \u0111i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i xin ch\u00fang n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

          \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ng\u0103n tr\u1edf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, hai b\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ra t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

          Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hai t\u1ee5i n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng nhau k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng b\u00ean M\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1861 \u0111\u1ebfn 1865, m\u1ea5y t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc (t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi) c\u1eed binh \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda Nam (\u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7) nh\u01b0 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eady<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

            \n \t\n\n
          1. V\u00ec sao m\u00e0 sinh ra d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

            M\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eady c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu, l\u1ea5y v\u00f5 l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. D\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n v\u01a1 v\u00e9t b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

            N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp h\u1ebft s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n r\u1ed3i, khi c\u00f3 gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e3, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft d\u00e2n \u0111i l\u00ednh ch\u1ebft thay cho n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 trong tr\u1eadn \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn 1914 – 1918, T\u00e2y b\u1eaft ta \u0111i l\u00ednh, sau l\u1ea1i gia thu\u1ebf gia s\u01b0u. \u0110\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i quy\u1ec1n, thua th\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

            N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kia l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi An Nam. \u0110\u1ebfn khi d\u00e2n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i n\u1eefa, t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9 l\u00ean, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ee5i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111i; \u1ea5y l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

              \n \t\n\n
            1. V\u00ec sao m\u00e0 sinh ra giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

              Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 2 giai c\u1ea5p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                \n \t\n\n
              1. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n (kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i).<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
              2. C\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng (l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng).<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 An Nam, l\u00e0m \u1edf m\u1ecf than H\u00f2n Gay, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m 11 gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 h\u00e0o, \u0103n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n, m\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c, \u0111au kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                C\u00f2n anh ch\u1ee7 m\u1ecf \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u00fang tay \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0103n sung m\u1eb7c s\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00ean ng\u1ef1a xu\u1ed1ng xe, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eddi (n\u0103m 1925 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 17.000.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng). Th\u1eed h\u1ecfi 17 tri\u1ec7u \u1ea5y th\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 T\u00e2y l\u00e0m ra hay l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n An Nam l\u00e0m ra? D\u00e2n c\u00e0y ta ru\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e0y, m\u00e0 t\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n T\u00e2y n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft 122.000 m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t \u1edf Trung K\u1ef3, 150.000 m\u1eabu \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                D\u00e2n ta n\u01a1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n, n\u01a1i th\u00ec ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m n\u00f3 b\u00e1n g\u1ea1o g\u1ea7n 1.000 tri\u1ec7u quan ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0(n\u0103m 1925 n\u00f3 b\u00e1n 911.477.000 quan).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                N\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft nhau \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111i, nh\u01b0 b\u00ean Nga, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh; n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                  \n \t\n\n
                1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh chia l\u00e0m m\u1ea5y th\u1ee9?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                  C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh chia ra hai th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                    \n \t\n\n
                  1. Nh\u01b0 An Nam \u0111u\u1ed5i Ph\u00e1p, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111u\u1ed5i Anh, Cao Ly<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>\u0111u\u1ed5i Nh\u1eadt, Phil\u00edppin \u0111u\u1ed5i M\u1ef9, T\u00e0u \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                  2. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, n\u00f2i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ee3p nhau l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 anh em m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, d\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0m cho thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng – \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                    Hai th\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n giai c\u1ea5p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u0129, n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n. C\u00f2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng 2 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: An Nam d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu th\u00ec c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng d\u1ec5. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c An Nam s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                    V\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh An Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                      \n \t\n\n
                    1. Ai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                      V\u00ec b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c m\u00e0 sinh ra c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, cho n\u00ean ai m\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng th\u00ec l\u00f2ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00e0ng b\u1ec1n, ch\u00ed c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft. Khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb phong ki\u1ebfn \u00e1p b\u1ee9c cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        \n \t\n\n
                      1. L\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n,<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                      2. L\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t cho n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n h\u1ebft,<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                      3. L\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 tay kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n r\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu thua th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ki\u1ebfp kh\u1ed5, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd gan g\u00f3c. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1edb \u1ea5y, n\u00ean c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh; c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n nh\u1ecf, \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, song kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng; 3 h\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                      4. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f3 hay l\u00e0 d\u1ec5?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                        S\u1eeda c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m l\u00e0m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00ec ch\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3. Kh\u00f3 d\u1ec5 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed l\u00e0m th\u00ec l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        A- T\u1ee5i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ngu, l\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p lu\u1eadt bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n s\u1ee3, l\u1ea5y ph\u00fa qu\u00fd l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n tham. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n nghe \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ch\u1eef c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec s\u1ee3 r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        V\u1eady c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        B- D\u00e2n kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 hay l\u00e0m b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n An Nam \u1edf Trung K\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ebf, H\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c, Nam K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1 kh\u00e1m; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        V\u1eady c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0cho d\u00e2n hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        C- D\u00e2n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft so s\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u01b0u ch\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u01b0a n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, khi n\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u phong tri\u1ec1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0y s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        D- D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng chia r\u1ebd<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecdn kia, nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n ta ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0Nam\u00a0th\u00ec nghi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung th\u00ec khinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc, n\u00ean n\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c \u0111i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u0169a m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                        V\u1eady n\u00ean s\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung, mu\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                          \n \t\n\n
                        1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ec3 trong th\u00ec v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 v\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m l\u00e1i c\u00f3 v\u1eefng thuy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi ch\u1ea1y. \u0110\u1ea3ng mu\u1ed1n v\u1eefng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m c\u1ed1t, trong \u0111\u1ea3ng ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a L\u00eanin.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                          \n\n\n\n\n

                          L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec C\u00c1CH M\u1ec6NH M\u1ef8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                            \n \t\n\n
                          1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed M\u1ef9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                            Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 14 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u01b0a ai bi\u1ebft M\u1ef9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1492, ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Christophe Colomb \u0111i t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n qua \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, may l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. D\u00e2n x\u1ee9 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i da \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 \u0111i s\u0103n b\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                            T\u1eeb l\u00fac Colomb t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean \u00c2u tr\u00e0n qua \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m, th\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ebft m\u00f2n gi\u1ebft m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u0111i, r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u00ean Phi qua l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                            Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u qua M\u1ef9 th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh (3.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). V\u00ec v\u1eady, Anh gi\u00e0nh M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                              \n \t\n\n
                            1. V\u00ec sao m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                              Th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft, than, b\u00f4ng, l\u00faa, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u. Anh th\u00ec tham, mu\u1ed1n h\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 cho m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra 3 ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                \n \t\n\n
                              1. C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n, M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho Anh h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                              2. D\u00e2n M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra l\u00f2 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                              3. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                V\u00ec 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, l\u00e0m cho kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n, n\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1770, d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 t\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh “t\u1ea9y chay” Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                  \n \t\n\n
                                1. Phong tri\u1ec1u \u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                  Phong tri\u1ec1u “t\u1ea9y chay” gi\u1eafc dai \u0111\u1ebfn 5 n\u0103m. Anh \u0111em l\u00ednh qua d\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed9i. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn th\u00eam. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1775, khi l\u00ednh Anh b\u1eaft m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa, d\u00e2n k\u00e9o nhau ra c\u1ee9u, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00ednh Anh gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda r\u01a1i v\u00e0o thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, d\u00e2n t\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 th\u00ec n\u1ed5, s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh m\u1edbi th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                  C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1776 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp45<\/sup>, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u00e0nh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                  B\u00e2y gi\u1edd M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 48 t\u1ec9nh<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 110.000.000 d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                    \n \t\n\n
                                  1. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh AnNamth\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                  2. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi An Nam b\u00e2y gi\u1edd x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n Anh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 v\u01a1 v\u00e9t h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i d\u00e2n ta, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m d\u00e2n ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c; n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft d\u00e2n ta h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Anh ch\u1ec9 ham ti\u1ec1n M\u1ef9, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ham ti\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u00f2i, m\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng An Nam \u0111i. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 d\u00e2n An Nam c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh!<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                  3. Trong l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: “Gi\u1eddi sinh ra ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eef t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m \u0103n cho sung s\u01b0\u1edbng… H\u1ec5 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea5y \u0111i, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y l\u00ean Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c…”.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                    Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n cho ai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, ai \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                      \n \t\n\n
                                    1. M\u1ef9 tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n 150 n\u0103m nay, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 lo t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                      \u1ea4y l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                      Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh r\u1ed3i th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n giao cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 trong tay m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf m\u1edbi kh\u1ecfi hy sinh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, th\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                      \n\n\n\n\n

                                      C\u00c1CH M\u1ec6NH PH\u00c1P<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                        \n \t\n\n
                                      1. V\u00ec sao Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 phong tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                        H\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 18, vua th\u00ec ki\u00eau xa d\u00e2m d\u1eadt, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh; thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng d\u1ecbch phi\u1ec1n, d\u00e2n t\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                        Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec\u00a0Cana\u0111a\u00a0v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p, nay b\u1ecb Anh v\u01a1 m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                        Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng M\u00f4ngtexki\u01a1 (1755), V\u00f4nte v\u00e0 R\u00fatx\u00f4 (1778) tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                        Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec phong tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Anh (\u00f4ng Kr\u00f4mven ch\u00e9m vua Anh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1653) c\u00f2n m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 phong tri\u1ec1u d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 (1776) v\u1eeba qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                        Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi b\u1ecb t\u1ee5i phong ki\u1ebfn ng\u0103n tr\u1edf, d\u00e2n th\u00ec b\u1ecb vua, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. V\u1eady n\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 phong ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                          \n \t\n\n
                                        1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd?46<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                          Vua th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n ch\u1ed9n r\u1ed9n, th\u00ec b\u1eaft b\u1edb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. D\u00e2n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ee9c qu\u00e1, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1789 k\u00e9o nhau \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 kh\u00e1m l\u1edbn (Baxti). Vua \u0111em l\u00ednh v\u1ec1 gi\u1eef kinh \u0111\u00f4; d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Vua lui ra \u1edf t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh V\u00e9cx\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                          Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m \u1ea5y, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i Pari k\u00e9o nhau \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00e9cx\u00e2y b\u1eaft vua v\u1ec1 khai h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 k\u00fd t\u1edd tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                            \n \t\n\n
                                          1. L\u00e0 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4ng n\u00f4.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                          2. L\u00e0 \u0111em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                          3. L\u00e0 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m b\u00e1o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                          4. L\u00e0 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                            1792, v\u00ec vua c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, d\u00e2n m\u1edbi b\u1ecf vua m\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                            1793, ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 1 l\u00e0m \u00e1n vua v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 con vua l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1eb7c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, r\u1ed3i \u0111em ra ch\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                              \n \t\n\n
                                            1. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                              D\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eebng th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng vua v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec s\u1ee3 d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang n\u00f3 li\u00ean binh \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 b\u00ean trong th\u00ec gi\u00fap cho t\u1ee5i ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                              D\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p tuy l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u00edt, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng thi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd gan c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 trong d\u1eb9p n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n, ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ed3i \u1ea5y l\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “l\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n”<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3n, k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e0y, \u00e1o r\u00e1ch qu\u1ea7n tua, m\u1eb7t g\u1ea7y b\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3i. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00ednh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, th\u00ec l\u00ednh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c thua \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u00ec h\u1ecd gan li\u1ec1u hy sinh qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                              Th\u1ebf th\u00ec bi\u1ebft: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 gan, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                \n \t\n\n
                                              1. Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                N\u0103m 1792 \u0111\u1ebfn 1804 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 1. N\u0103m 1804 Nap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00ean l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                N\u0103m 1814 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh Nap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng thua r\u1ed3i \u0111em d\u00f2ng vua c\u0169 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn 1848.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                N\u0103m 1848 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                N\u0103m 1852 ch\u00e1u Nap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                N\u0103m 1870 nh\u00e2n thua \u0110\u1ee9c, Nap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y, Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp l\u00ean C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                1. Pari C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 (Commune de Paris) l\u00e0 g\u00ec47<\/sup>?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                  N\u0103m 1871 vua Ph\u00e1p thua ch\u1ea1y r\u1ed3i, l\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1edbi v\u00e2y kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Pari. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p c\u1eaft 2 t\u1ec9nh c\u00fang cho \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0. V\u00ec gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a. D\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1nh \u0103n, th\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n Pari n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (C\u00f4ng x\u00e3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                  V\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n non n\u1edbt, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00fap cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 5 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                  1. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                    Khi v\u1eeba l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pari r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 l\u1eadp l\u00ean Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n<\/a>2<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u00a0v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                    1. Bao nhi\u00eau c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                    2. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb con trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con trai con g\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecdc ph\u00ed Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i cho.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                    3. D\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m b\u00e1o, khai h\u1ed9i, xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v..<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                    4. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                    5. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 d\u00e2n c\u1eed l\u00ean, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                    6. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                      T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p khi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 ch\u00e1y 2 b\u00ean, b\u00ean th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh n\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p th\u1ec1 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ee5c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng s\u1ee3, cho n\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. L\u00fac Ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba h\u00e0ng, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft b\u1ecf h\u1ebft l\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9 cho 40.000 cul\u00edt<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Khi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p th\u00eam l\u00ean 100.000 l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                      Xem v\u1eady th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: “T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                      D\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh r\u1ed3i th\u00ec t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ra s\u1ee9c b\u00e1o th\u00f9. N\u00f3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, tr\u1ebb con. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0y 28.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft giam 650 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb con, 850 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, 37.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                      1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh AnNamth\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                      2. a) Trong 3 l\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, 1789, 1848, 1870, \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec d\u00e2n can \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u00edt, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                      3. b) Pari C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                      4. c) T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef T\u1ef1 do, B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba d\u00e2n, x\u00fai d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 phong ki\u1ebfn. Khi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 phong ki\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i thay phong ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c d\u00e2n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                      5. d) C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh M\u1ef9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c trong th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng, ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 4 l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 nay c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p h\u1eb5ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa m\u1edbi h\u00f2ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh An Nam n\u00ean nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                      6. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                        C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                        1. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1eefa, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                        2. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                        3. \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 tr\u1ebb con c\u0169ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                        4. D\u00e2n kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh n\u00e0o, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                        5. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p hy sinh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3; ta mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i hy sinh.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                          \n\n\n\n\n

                                                          L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec C\u00c1CH M\u1ec6NH NGA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                          1. Nguy\u00ean do c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ra?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                            Nga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, n\u1eeda n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, n\u1eeda n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. D\u00e2n Nga h\u01a1n 90 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y 10 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n. Khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 xem n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 nh\u01b0 s\u00fac v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 cho s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, khi n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111em n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111i b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 b\u00e1n tr\u00e2u b\u00e1n b\u00f2. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y qua x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                            Ch\u1eebng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi h\u01a1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba m\u1edf l\u00f2 m\u00e1y, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 m\u1edbi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y t\u1edbi l\u00e0m v\u1edbi n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1861, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 m\u1edbi b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                            T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y m\u1edbi sinh hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch to, m\u00e0 phong tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y m\u1ecdc ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                            1. N\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng r\u1ed3i th\u00ec l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                              \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng r\u1ed3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                              \u0110i l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u00edt, gi\u1edd l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng \u00edt, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 thi\u1ebfu, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00f2n t\u1ee5i ph\u00fa gia<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>. D\u00e2n ti\u1ebfng t\u1ef1 do tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee9 ki\u1ebfp n\u00f4 l\u1ec7: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u00ec c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                              Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n c\u00e0y l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                              N\u0103m 1875 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u201d. N\u0103m 1878 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                              Nh\u01b0ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt s\u1ee9c h\u00e8n, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft b\u1edb nhi\u1ec1u, sau ho\u00e1 ra \u0111\u1ea3ng k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 lo \u0111i \u00e1m s\u00e1t vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                              1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                \u00c1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m li\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00edt, v\u00ec gi\u1ebft th\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n th\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ebft sao cho h\u1ebft? C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i giai c\u1ea5p \u00e1p b\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd 5, 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft 2, 3 anh vua, 9, 10 anh quan m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y tuy hy sinh h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u00e1m s\u00e1t oanh li\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111i sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean b\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ecb m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i tan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                N\u0103m 1883, \u00f4ng Pl\u00eakhan\u1ed1p l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng \u201cLao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do”48<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0d\u1ea1y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                1. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \u1ede Nga, ma t\u00e0, m\u1eadt th\u00e1m nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1, n\u00ean c\u01a1 quan \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c (Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  N\u0103m 1894, \u00f4ng L\u00eanin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  N\u0103m 1898, \u0110\u1ea3ng khai h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc49<\/sup>, ch\u1eb3ng may Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00f2 ra, b\u1eaft h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. Tuy \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, cho n\u00ean phong tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb b\u1eaft th\u00ec h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00ed m\u1eadt tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \u00cdt l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 “X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ea3ng”, sau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean ra “C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea3ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                  N\u0103m 1904 – 1905, Nga v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, nh\u00e2n l\u00fac d\u00e2n t\u00ecnh x\u1ee5c r\u1ee5c, \u0110\u1ea3ng ra s\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                  1. Sao m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u00ecnh x\u1ee5c r\u1ee5c m\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                  2. a) Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadt, vua ph\u1ec9nh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n, l\u1eeba h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i to. Sau \u0111\u00e1nh thua th\u00ec t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, cho n\u00ean o\u00e1n vua.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                  3. b) Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n gh\u00e9t vua \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n nay v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh thua l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c th\u00eam, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam gh\u00e9t vua.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                  4. c) D\u00e2n c\u00e0y gh\u00e9t vua x\u01b0a nay, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i l\u00ednh ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c nhi\u1ec1u, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng th\u00eam, l\u00f2ng gh\u00e9t vua c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng to.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                    Ba h\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tuy kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng gh\u00e9t vua th\u00ec nh\u01b0 nhau. \u0110\u1ea3ng bi\u1ebft v\u1eady th\u00ec v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111u\u1ed5i vua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                    1. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd vua x\u1eed tr\u00ed th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                      Vua bi\u1ebft th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n r\u1eddi nhau. N\u00f3 x\u00fai m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 lung l\u1ea1c th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2 ai h\u0103ng h\u00e1i th\u00ec b\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                      Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 190550<\/sup>, anh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y (t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gap\u00f4ng) \u0111em th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 vua \u1edf th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n. V\u00ec anh ta qu\u00ean b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec vua th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00ean sai l\u00ednh ra d\u1eb9p, b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gap\u00f4ng b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh nghe tin \u1ea5y th\u00ec b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                      C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ch\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1edbi vua v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10. Vua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec d\u00f9ng l\u00ednh d\u1eb9p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u1eadp ra ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u00e2n b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                      1. V\u00ec sao c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 1905 thua?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                      2. V\u00ec khi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 vua; sau n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n h\u0103ng h\u00e1i qu\u00e1, n\u00f3 s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eadp vua r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ea3 n\u00f3, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho vua.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                      3. V\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Khi th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng theo ngay. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n thua r\u1ed3i, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 cho vua n\u00f3 tr\u1ecb th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 tr\u1edf qua tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n c\u00e0y.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                      4. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                      5. Ch\u01b0a v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u00fang \u1ed1ng kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u00edt qu\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                      6. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 1905 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                        Kh\u00f4ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ea3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i, sai l\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1eeda sang l\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u00e8n m\u1ed9t con dao, th\u1eed c\u1eaft m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o s\u1eafc, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f9n; sau c\u1ee9 theo ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9n m\u00e0 m\u00e0i, con dao m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                        Nh\u1edd chuy\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i 1905, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, hai l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, ba l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ednh, b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, n\u0103m l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 vua c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5i, mu\u1ed1n \u0111u\u1ed5i vua th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                        C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 1905 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 1917 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                        1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 1917 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                          C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 1917 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y c\u1edb sau n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                          1. Khi \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng vua Nga \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng vua Nga l\u00f4i th\u00f4i, ti\u00eau h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, ch\u1ebft h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh, t\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh thua m\u00e3i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea9y vua \u0111i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                          2. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eadn vua ch\u1ec9 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u1ea7m binh quy\u1ec1n, b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e2u thua \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u00ean Nga ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chung v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p; n\u1ebfu Nga thua \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Nga, m\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nguy; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 vua th\u00ec ch\u1eafc thua. V\u1eady n\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea9y vua.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                          3. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vua nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                          4. B\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, th\u00ec l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng 2 b\u1ecdn n\u00e0y \u0111u\u1ed5i vua cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Nga v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                          5. B\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                            Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp l\u00ednh ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00f4i th\u00f4i; b\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00fai d\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111u\u1ed5i vua \u0111i, th\u00ec ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd ho\u00e1 ra ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                            Ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1edd l\u00fac th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111u\u1ed5i vua \u0111i r\u1ed3i, t\u1ee5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ee5i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00ean c\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, bao nhi\u00eau l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang n\u00f3 qu\u00ean h\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 b\u1eaft l\u00ednh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh; ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf tay \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, l\u00f2 m\u00e1y c\u1ee9 \u1edf tay nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u; c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                            1. Sao \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ra tay l\u00e0m?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                              Khi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111u\u1ed5i vua, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean h\u1eb5ng c\u00f2n \u00edt, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00ean ch\u01b0a gi\u1ef1t l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                              C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh xong l\u00fac th\u00e1ng 2. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4, d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i d\u00e2n, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                              \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4 th\u00ec \u00f4ng L\u00eanin v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi th\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i l\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ra. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho d\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng: “\u0110\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c anh xem \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u1ee5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y t\u1edb c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ch\u00fang n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n g\u00ec vua…\u201d, l\u00e0m cho ai c\u0169ng o\u00e1n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec l\u00f2n v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, binh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                              1. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10, \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i, ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1eed s\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng L\u00eanin b\u1ea3o: “Khoan \u0111\u00e3! Ch\u1edd \u00edt b\u1eefa n\u1eefa cho ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, l\u00fac \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u1eed s\u1ef1”. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 11, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khai h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ban b\u1ed1 ph\u00e9p lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ph\u00e9p lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y th\u00ec l\u1ee3i cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 h\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng, n\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng L\u00eanin n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed3ng 6 c\u1eed s\u1ef1 th\u00ec s\u1edbm qu\u00e1, v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 x\u1ea5u \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y th\u00ec ch\u01b0a gh\u00e9t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eafm. M\u1ed3ng 8 c\u1eed s\u1ef1 th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n qu\u00e1 v\u00ec khi \u1ea5y th\u00ec Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng 7 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u1ea1 l\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e2y Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y \u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e1i l\u00ednh ra d\u1eb9p, th\u00ec l\u00ednh \u00f9a theo th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                T\u1eeb b\u1eefa \u1ea5y, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, n\u00f4ng, binh, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, giao c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng cho th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft d\u00e2n \u0111i ch\u1ebft cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa, ra s\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                1. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh AnNamth\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1p khoe khoang b\u00ean An Nam. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i, l\u1ea1i ra s\u1ee9c cho c\u00f4ng, n\u00f4ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang<\/a>4)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0(c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng) l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec1n gan, ph\u1ea3i hy sinh, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0 v\u00e0 L\u00eanin.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                  \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                  1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 nhau, h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean l\u1ea1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n h\u00e8n y\u1ebfu (Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean l\u1ea1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y An Nam, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef An Nam, v.v.), c\u00e1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n (t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Anh, M\u1ef9, Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c). Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean l\u1ea1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n (nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf). Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a (nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                    1. \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ec7 tam<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t3)<\/sup>\u00a0v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb4)<\/sup>\u00a0qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 18 tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c th\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i, b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft t\u1ec9nh n\u1ea5y, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, cho n\u00ean s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      N\u0103m 1840, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i t\u00ean l\u00e0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i<\/em>51<\/sup>. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 “Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ai c\u0169ng l\u00e0 anh em”. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u1ea5y tuy r\u1ea5t hay, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang; v\u00ec b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch d\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 anh em sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      N\u0103m 1847, h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0:\u00a0“To\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4<\/em>\u00a0s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p li\u00ean h\u1ee3p h\u1ed9i”\u00a0<\/em>– \u00f4ng M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0102ngghen v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y. Nh\u1edd hai \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1eeda ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ed9i l\u00e0: \u0110\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a – th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n – l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                      1. Hai h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. Trong hai h\u1ed9i tuy l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00edt, s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. Ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u cho \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        N\u0103m 1862 \u1edf Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Anh (Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n) m\u1edf h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o; t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qua xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c tr\u1ed1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y. Hai b\u00ean b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        N\u0103m 1864, (ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 2) m\u1edbi l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                        1. \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                          H\u1ed9i \u1ea5y tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                          1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u00edt,<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                          2. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu,<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                          3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                            Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec ba ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                            1. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Pru\u0111\u00f4ng (Ph\u00e1p);<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                            2. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Bacunin (Nga);<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                            3. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0 (\u0110\u1ee9c) (xem \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec bi\u1ebft).<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                              Sau l\u00fac Pari C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, n\u00ean h\u1ed9i ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn 1874 th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                              \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tuy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u\u00a0“To\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4<\/em>\u00a0s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p li\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i!”\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Tuy kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y cho th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec r\u1ea5t to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                              1. \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1eadp ra bao gi\u1edd?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tan r\u1ed3i, v\u1eeba l\u00fac t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1eafm, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 15 n\u0103m \u1ea5y (t\u1eeb 1874 \u0111\u1ebfn 1889)52<\/sup>\u00a0trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi l\u1eadp l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f9m gi\u00fap l\u1eabn nhau kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                N\u0103m 1889, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng h\u1ed9i nhau t\u1ea1i Pari, l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                T\u1eeb khi l\u1eadp ra, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn, khai h\u1ed9i ch\u00edn l\u1ea7n b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                1. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                2. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y 8 gi\u1edd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                4. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                5. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                6. \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra l\u00e0m quan v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                7. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 7, th\u00ec trong 9 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                8. V\u00ec sao \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i hay b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn tranh?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e1 ra \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e8n y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1894, Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1edbi T\u00e0u;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  1895, Anh \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u00cag\u00fdpt\u01a1<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  1896, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Ma\u0111ag\u00e1txca;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  1898, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh Phil\u00edppin;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  1900, Anh \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Nam Phi ch\u00e2u;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  1904, Nga \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  1912, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Banc\u0103ng<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh nhau, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                  Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady, th\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh nhau l\u1edbn. V\u1eady n\u00ean ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch d\u00e8 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i. Ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn 1914 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng khuy\u00ean d\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                  1. \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1eadp ra t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                    V\u00ec b\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ho\u00e1 ra ch\u00f3 s\u0103n cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ho\u00e1 ra ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng L\u00eanin, \u00f4ng C\u00e1c L\u00edpn\u1ebfch, R\u00f4da Luyx\u0103mbua, v\u00e2n v., cho Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ra Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1915 v\u00e0 1916, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh h\u1ed9i nhau t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Su\u00edt (Th\u1ee5y S\u0129) s\u1eafp s\u1eeda l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u00a0<\/sup><\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0m\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                    N\u0103m 1917, Nga c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                    N\u0103m 1919, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Nga l\u00e0 Mosku (ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 3). Khi khai h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong 24 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                    Trong l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf x\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                    1. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                    2. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                    3. T\u1eeb khi l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd (\u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1927) \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf khai h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                      N\u0103m 1920 khai \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II53<\/sup>, c\u00f3 31 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ee5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ea5y h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y m\u1ea1nh, mu\u1ed1n xen v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 “theo \u0111\u00f3m \u0103n t\u00e0n”, cho n\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam; ai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn theo 21 \u0111i\u1ec1u quy t\u1eafc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o. (Xem sau c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                      N\u0103m 1921, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III54<\/sup>. T\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chia ra hai ph\u00e1i, ph\u00e1i theo c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (\u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf), ph\u00e1i theo \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 (\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf). V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 s\u1ee9c k\u00e9m \u0111i; cho n\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng khi ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec hai ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c nhau l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia hai. N\u0103m 1922, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV55<\/sup>. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh phong tri\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a toan c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang n\u00f3 l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea3ng fasity<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh t\u1ee3n l\u1eafm. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                      N\u0103m 1924, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 V, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 61 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi h\u1ed3i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111em ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3; k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1t l\u1ed9<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafp s\u1eeda ra tay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                      1. \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                      2. a) M\u1ed7i n\u0103m hay c\u00e1ch v\u00e0i n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                      3. b) \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u1eed m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng 24 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y thay m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                      4. c) C\u00f3 Thanh ni\u00ean b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 xem v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh ni\u00ean; Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ed9, xem vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; \u00c1 – \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 xem v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00ean \u00c1 – \u0110\u00f4ng. Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf, v.v., \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ri\u00eang.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                      5. d) \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 chi b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i nghe theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc chung. Vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                      6. \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u00e1i g\u00ec? kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                        \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                        1. a) \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecf, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf to;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                        2. b) \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                        3. c) \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i theo;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                        4. d) \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i: “Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p li\u00ean h\u1ee3p”; \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i th\u00eam “V\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi li\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i”. \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean gi\u00fap d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                          \u1ea4y l\u00e0 v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hai Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edt, v\u00ec l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ea5y. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf sinh ra sau th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                          \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec hai Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 nhau; ch\u1eb3ng qua \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i,\u00a0<\/em>m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1edd nay Nga c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                          1. \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u xen v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1; sau ho\u00e1 ra ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. Hai Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Varen l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ea1y cho v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi – b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u00ec – h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                            \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf xui d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kia, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                            1. \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh AnNamth\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              Xem trong c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ri\u00eang, chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh b\u00ean \u00c1 – \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              Xem kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng r\u1eb1ng “v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p” m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00e2u “… v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi li\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              Xem quy t\u1eafc \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong 21 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 8 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p… ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00fap d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              Xem \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh Mar\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Xyri, v\u00ec gi\u00fap hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p hy sinh m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb t\u00f9, \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t h\u01a1n 100 v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              Xem c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh T\u00e0u, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, P\u00e9csia<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              L\u1ea1i xem k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tay \u00f4ng L\u00eanin l\u00e0m ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              Xem nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng An Nam mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                              \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                              PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                              1. V\u00ec sao l\u1eadp ra Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                \u00d4ng C\u00e1c M\u00e1c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “Ai \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1eeda sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u00fap v\u00e0o, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i. Xem t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i, th\u00ec bi\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea5n b\u1ed9 ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                \u00d4ng L\u00eanin n\u00f3i: “\u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao d\u1ea1y cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 n\u1ea5u \u0103n c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2u n\u00f3i l\u00f4ng b\u00f4ng. Xem trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i tham gia. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 S\u00e1cl\u1ed1t Co\u00f3c\u0111\u00e2y r\u00fat dao \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng hung b\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Luy Misen ra gi\u00fap t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Pari C\u00f4ng x\u00e3. Khi Nga c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ra t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u00ednh; sau t\u00ednh l\u1ea1i l\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ch\u1ebft h\u1ebft 1.854 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nay c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng mau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00f9m v\u00e0o. V\u1eady n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1910, b\u00e0 Clara D\u00e9tkin (c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c) \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0ng\u00e0y 8<\/em>\u00a0th\u00e1ng 3<\/em>\u00a0th\u00ec l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i\u201d56<\/sup>. Sau ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed5i ra m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tu\u1ea7n \u1ea5y l\u00e0: “\u0110\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1917, ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 2, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u1edf Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Nga n\u1ed5i l\u00ean “\u0111\u00f2i b\u00e1nh cho con” v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i “gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i” (v\u00ec ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh). S\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ng\u00f2i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga57<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                  M\u1ed3ng 8 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1920, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e1i b\u00e0 D\u00e9tkin t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0: “\u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1923, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi Nga \u0103n m\u1eebng “ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 3” th\u00ec m\u1edf 66 nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ebb con, 36 \u1ea5u tr\u0129 vi\u00ean, 18 nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed, 22 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9, 15 nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 sinh c\u1eef, 15 nh\u00e0 \u0103n chung cho 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; 27 nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1.300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, 11 c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                  1. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    Quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb con c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, khi ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec d\u1eabu kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc, nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean A kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng khi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i xin v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u00f2 m\u00e1y n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong \u1ea5y, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 c\u0169 m\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00e0m trong l\u00f2 m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u. Tuy v\u1eady, ai c\u0169ng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng, cho n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 mau. Nh\u1edd Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi l\u1eadp ra nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1edf Java<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    An\u00a0Nam\u00a0c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi tham gia m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi An Nam mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i theo Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                    C\u00d4NG NH\u00c2N QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                    1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                      Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, sau s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                      L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chia l\u00e0m 3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: a) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn, b) \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn, c) khi \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                      1. a)Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00c2u<\/em>chi\u1ebfn:\u00a0<\/em>B\u00ean \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 16 tri\u1ec7u th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “V\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i”58<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0ng 16 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o “V\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i” c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i chia ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i bi\u1ec7t:<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                      2. C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 lo sao th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n sinh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00e1, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                      3. V\u00f4ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng<\/em>\u0111o\u00e0n<\/em>59<\/sup>\u00a0<\/em>c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Latinh<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                      4. C\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>60<\/sup>th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i n\u00ean gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                      5. Trung l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>61<\/sup>ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                      6. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a,<\/em>ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eaft c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                        V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cho n\u00ean h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                        1. b)Khi \u00c2u<\/em>chi\u1ebfn:\u00a0<\/em>H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111i theo \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o gi\u00f9m t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                          V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9, c\u00f2n th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u00c1, Phi, \u00dac th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                          1. c)Sau khi \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn:<\/em>Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec phong tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga, c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng to. Nh\u01b0:<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                            N\u0103m 1913 N\u0103m 1919<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                            Anh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 4.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi 8.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                            Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi 2.500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                            T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc: 15.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi 50.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                            C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i b\u00ean \u00c1 – \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng r\u1ea7m r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9t r\u1ed9t l\u1eadp l\u00ean (T\u00e0u, Nh\u1eadt, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Java, Phil\u00edppin, v\u00e2n v.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                            1. Phong tri\u1ec1u \u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                              T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5y th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ecbnh th\u00ec s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho \u00eam d\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 1919 c\u00f3 khai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ean kinh \u0111\u00f4 M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ecdn \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 gi\u1edd (nh\u01b0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p), th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng 8 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m l\u1ec7 chung (v\u00ec s\u1ee3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                              Sau t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u1eadp ra h\u1ed9i V\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 12 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, 6 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 6 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 l\u1ea1i d\u1eaft m\u1ea5y anh c\u00f4ng t\u1eb7c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                              1. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 31 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                29 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ri\u00eang qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y; 1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Amxt\u00e9c\u0111am hay l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf “v\u00e0ng” v\u00e0 1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng 20.000.000 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean. Trong 29 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y, ngh\u1ec1 s\u1eaft to h\u01a1n h\u1ebft (3.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi); hai l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 than (2.500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi); ba l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y (2.300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), v\u00e2n v..<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                L\u00fac \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y c\u0169ng tan, \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ra g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1921, 1.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o than Anh b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o than M\u1ef9, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap m\u00e0 thua. Qua n\u0103m 1922, 500.000 th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o than M\u1ef9 b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai gi\u00fap m\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y c\u00f3 danh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                1. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Amxt\u00e9c\u0111am hay “v\u00e0ng”?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                  V\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y l\u1eadp ra t\u1ea1i Amxt\u00e9c\u0111am (kinh \u0111\u00f4 Hol\u0103ng<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>). Trong ti\u1ebfng m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00e0ng; c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1919, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i theo V\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ed9i nhau t\u1ea1i Amxt\u00e9c\u0111am l\u1eadp n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Khi \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t to, nh\u01b0ng sau nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u201c\u0111\u1ecf\u201d, nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i 23 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 14.400.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                  Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y theo b\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                  1. T\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e9cx\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1eaft \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n 400.000.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                  2. \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng g\u00e1nh n\u1ed5i, M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea1o Uy T\u01b0)<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>b\u1eaft \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n 132.000.000.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1ea5y l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 ra n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Amxt\u00e9c\u0111am c\u0169ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                  3. Kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i Nga v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                  4. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i fasity r\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                  5. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ra qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    N\u0103m 1920, th\u00e1ng 7, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Anh, \u00dd, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Nga l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. N\u0103m 1921, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i b\u1ecf b\u00ean kia theo b\u00ean n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng 3 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m \u1ea5y, C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf theo v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, quy\u1ebft l\u00e0m giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i 47 n\u01b0\u1edbc, 11.750.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1925 b\u00ean \u00c1 – \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    T\u00e0u: 450.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Java: 35.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Nh\u1eadt: 32.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Cao Ly: 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5: 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                    An\u00a0Nam:\u00a0<\/em>000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                    1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh AnNamra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      Xem trong Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u00c1 – \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00e0o, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u00f3 8 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      Khi th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n Java, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00fap, c\u00f2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ng\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      \u1ede T\u00e0u, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n ba th\u00e1ng, H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qua y\u00ean \u1ee7i, l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 in v\u00e0i t\u1edd tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m thinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      V\u1eady th\u00ec bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n An Nam bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00ec ch\u1eafc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf s\u1ebd h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap cho m\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u00fap cho, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                      C\u1ed8NG S\u1ea2N THANH NI\u00caN QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                      1. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Thanh ni\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thanh ni\u00ean. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thanh ni\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Khi \u00c2u chi\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh b\u1ecf h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng L\u00eanin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1919, thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh 14 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean \u00c2u h\u1ed9i nhau t\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c (B\u00e9clin) l\u1eadp ra Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        N\u0103m 1921 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thanh ni\u00ean 43 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        N\u0103m 1922 c\u00f3 60 n\u01b0\u1edbc, 760.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                        N\u0103m 1924 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.000.000 (thanh ni\u00ean Nga ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                        1. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                          \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc khai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, c\u1eed ra m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean; H\u1ed9i u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy, v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh H\u1ed9i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                          \u01af\u1edbc ch\u1eebng 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac H\u1ed9i cho v\u00e0o th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1eed, c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng binh th\u00ec 6 th\u00e1ng, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi cho v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                          M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Thanh ni\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                          1. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                          2. B\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                          3. Chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 cho b\u1ecdn thanh ni\u00ean;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                          4. Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ecdn th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 l\u00ednh thanh ni\u00ean;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                          5. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                          6. C\u00e1ch h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                            N\u01a1i th\u00ec c\u00f4ng khai, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nga, n\u01a1i th\u00ec n\u1eeda c\u00f4ng khai, n\u1eeda b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. N\u01a1i th\u00ec b\u00ed m\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u1edf Cao Ly, Java, v\u00e2n v..<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                            Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00ec theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. Ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f2n v\u00e0o \u1edf l\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u1ee3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i c\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed. Khi ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec l\u1eadp ra ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadp ra h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1 b\u00f3ng, h\u1ed9i ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                            N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m h\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                            1. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              Hai \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau theo c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u thanh ni\u00ean d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i. Khi thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00ec thanh ni\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 huy, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00ec thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf x\u1eed ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, r\u1ea5t hy sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              Trong n\u0103m 1921, Thanh ni\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 27.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 4 chi b\u1ed9. N\u0103m 1922 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 150 chi b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              H\u1ed3i l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 120 thanh ni\u00ean Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb t\u00f9. H\u1ed3i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh Mar\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y m\u00e0 h\u01a1n 3.000 thanh ni\u00ean Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb b\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i kho\u00e1 \u1edf T\u00e0u, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Cao Ly, b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng \u1edf Anh, v\u00e2n v., C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              Ng\u00e0y nay n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thanh ni\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              Ch\u1ec9 An\u00a0Nam\u00a0l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a!<\/em><\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                              QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe GI\u00daP \u0110\u1ee0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                              1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?62<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                N\u0103m 1921, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a, d\u00e2n ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, b\u00ean th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n xui d\u00e2n Nga n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, b\u00ean th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n k\u00e9o binh v\u00e0o ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Nga. Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111em c\u00e1c t\u00e0u b\u00e8 v\u00e2y bi\u1ec3n Nga, kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0u b\u00e8 \u0111i l\u1ea1i ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n b\u00e1n cho d\u00e2n Nga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Nanx\u0103n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc No\u00f3cve<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111i t\u00e0u bay qua B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111i quy\u00ean ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, v\u00e0 \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n g\u1eedi cho d\u00e2n Nga. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea3n m\u00e1t cho n\u00ean s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf (m\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c) x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0o, l\u1eadp ri\u00eang ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                Tuy v\u1eady, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u0169ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1921, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1922, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y quy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 5.000.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 40.000.000 kil\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n cho d\u00e2n Nga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                1. Khi Nga kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i r\u1ed3i, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                  Nga kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i r\u1ed3i, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e3i. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tai n\u1ea1n g\u00ec, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ra s\u1ee9c gi\u00fap. Nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1923 Ailan (Ireland) m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a, m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n d\u00e2n c\u01a1m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0103n, \u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c, nh\u1edd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf qua gi\u00fap m\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. N\u0103m 1924, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n 60 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y h\u01a1n 25.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 t\u1edbi \u0103n. L\u1ea1i l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng \u0111au \u1ed1m; l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ebb con c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1eef h\u00e0nh \u0111em tr\u1ebb con \u0110\u1ee9c qua g\u1eedi cho c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y. L\u00fac b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111em v\u1ec1<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                  N\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, T\u00e0u m\u1eafc l\u1ee5t, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 qua gi\u00fap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                  N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u m\u1eafc n\u1ea1n l\u1edbn, l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00fap c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                  1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                    Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i\u00a0l\u00e0m ph\u00fac ph\u00e1t ch\u1ea9n\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0b\u1ed1<\/em>\u00a0th\u00ed\u00a0<\/em>nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u1eadp ra. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 anh em, khi anh em x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y r\u1ee7i ro, th\u00ec anh em x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1”, v\u1eady n\u00ean, khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ra s\u1ee9c quy\u00ean, khi v\u00f4 s\u1ef1 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u00f3p h\u1ed9i ph\u00ed. H\u1ed9i ph\u00ed tu\u1ef3 theo h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n d\u1ec5, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y \u00edt ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng \u00edt. Nh\u01b0ng ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                    V\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 chi b\u1ed9 kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 5 ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Nga, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i ph\u00ed g\u00f3p l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                    Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i \u0111em ti\u1ec1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ra hoa l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0 m\u1edf s\u1edf c\u00e0y, l\u00e0m h\u00e1t b\u00f3ng, m\u1edf nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, s\u1edf \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, v\u00e2n v.. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1edf Nga. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 \u1edf Atrakan m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4-5 tri\u1ec7u kil\u00f4 c\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                    Ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n ra \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                    1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                      Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam g\u1eb7p l\u00fac v\u1ee1 \u0111\u00ea v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, hay nh\u1eefng khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5t. N\u1ebfu Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf bi\u1ebft, ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Song:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                      1. L\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n ta ch\u01b0a ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 k\u00eau van;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                      2. L\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p s\u1ee3 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                      3. N\u00f3 s\u1ee3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5u d\u00e2n ta kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u0103n tr\u1edf Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn An Nam.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                        C\u00e1i g\u00ec Ph\u00e1p gh\u00e9t, t\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch cho An Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                        C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u. Xem nh\u01b0 khi d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00f3i, nh\u1edd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i o\u00e1n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt nh\u1edd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i mau. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1edd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u00e2n v., th\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edch cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh An Nam nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                        \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                        QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe C\u1ee8U T\u1ebe \u0110\u1ece<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                        1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?63<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                          Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00ec c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf cho d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf th\u00ec chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i tranh \u0111\u1ea5u; v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u00ec tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c th\u00ec tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t phe, v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t phe. Hai phe \u1ea5y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec theo c\u1edd \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec theo c\u1edd b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u. \u0110\u00e1nh nhau th\u00ec ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u0103n s\u00f3c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u00f9m gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, tr\u00f4ng nom cho cha gi\u00e0 m\u1eb9 y\u1ebfu, v\u1ee3 d\u1ea1i con th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                          1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf l\u1eadp ra bao gi\u1edd?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                            N\u0103m 1923, \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf khai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i “b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y chung th\u00e2n” v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0” \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ra Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Nga. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Chi b\u1ed9. (Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 An Nam ch\u01b0a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                            Nga b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 50.000 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 9 tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n c\u00e0y v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                            Khi m\u1edbi l\u1eadp ra, ba th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 quy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 300.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng sau th\u00ec quy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4.000.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u1ede t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e0u m\u1edbi l\u1eadp Chi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 th\u00e1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 250.000 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                            Xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec bi\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                            1. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                              Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u00f9, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              1. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              2. Kinh t\u1ebf;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              3. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              4. Tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              5. a)Gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb:<\/em>Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb giam, th\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ee9c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0cho c\u00e1c Chi b\u1ed9 khai h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh th\u1ecb uy. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u00dd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, toan ph\u1ea3i \u00e1n ch\u1ebft, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u0129nh s\u1ef1<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0M\u1ef9 th\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u khai h\u1ed9i tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n r\u1eb1ng: N\u1ebfu Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u1ebft hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, th\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd t\u1ea9y chay M\u1ef9. M\u1ef9 th\u1ea5y v\u1eady th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m l\u00e0m t\u1ed9i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              6. b)Gi\u00fap kinh t\u1ebf:<\/em>H\u1ec5 b\u1ecb giam th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, c\u00f2n v\u1ee3 con cha m\u1eb9 \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai nu\u00f4i. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n trong nh\u00e0 giam v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3i r\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i vui l\u00f2ng. Ho\u1eb7c Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea th\u1ea7y ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1n cho. Ho\u1eb7c g\u1eedi \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch v\u1edf cho.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              7. c)Gi\u00fap tinh th\u1ea7n:<\/em>Ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c g\u1eedi th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              8. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf giam bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh tuy hy sinh cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf th\u00ec trong l\u00fac b\u1ecb giam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfi<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              9. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh tuy ph\u1ea3i giam m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u1ebf cho m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                              10. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh AnNamn\u00ean theo Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                N\u00ean l\u1eafm. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh An Nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ai l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n An Nam c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed, th\u00ec sung s\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhau. Hu\u1ed1ng g\u00ec, d\u00e2n An Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i hy sinh, ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n anh em trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u00fap gi\u00f9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                C\u00c1CH T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C C\u00d4NG H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                1. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau cho c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh; hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi nhau; ba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda sang c\u00e1ch sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n cho kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd; b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn l\u1ee3i quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n; n\u0103m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, gi\u00fap cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  \u0110i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eefa n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi A c\u00f3 gi\u1ed7 ch\u1ea1p th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi B t\u1edbi \u0103n; mai ng\u01b0\u1eddi B c\u00f3 c\u00fang qu\u1ea3y l\u1ea1i m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C t\u1edbi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y v\u1ebd cho nhau \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4n l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ec3 giao ho\u00e1n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cho nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 gi\u1edf s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, gi\u1edf b\u00e1o ra gi\u1ea3ng; nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  S\u1eeda sang c\u00e1ch sinh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, m\u1edf h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ed9i ch\u01a1i cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn l\u1ee3i quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng, b\u1edbt gi\u1edd l\u00e0m, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                  Gi\u00fap cho qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m cho ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n Nga \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                  1. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                    T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                    Ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ai l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 g\u00ec th\u00ec v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 may v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i may, th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i r\u00e8n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                    S\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ngh\u1ec1 g\u00ec, h\u1ec5 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c xe l\u1eeda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1t than, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1n xe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t v\u00e9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m m\u00e1y; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i xe l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                    T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, v\u00ec th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi xe l\u1eeda mu\u1ed1n b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng h\u1ebft, th\u00ec t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ee3 h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec c\u00f3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t v\u00e9 b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ga kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ee9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng y\u1ebfu \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                    1. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o hai h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                      Kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o; ai \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eefa. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i. Trong x\u1ee9 \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c trong h\u1ed9i xe l\u1eeda<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                      Trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp hai h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                      Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o hai t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: H\u1ed9i xe l\u1eeda H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i xe l\u1eeda An Nam l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i ta n\u00e0o<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                      N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam th\u00ec sau hay b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                      1. C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                        C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n. Ai l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i, d\u00f9 tin Ph\u1eadt, tin \u0111\u1ea1o, tin c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, tin v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, tin g\u00ec c\u0169ng m\u1eb7c, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00fang quy t\u1eafc h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                        \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 g\u00ec, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n hay l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc sinh hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tin theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea3ng, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng ph\u00e9p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3ng<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                        Ai v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec theo \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 huy, m\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec theo c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 huy. \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                        1. C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                          H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngang hay l\u00e0 d\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                          Ngang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n, h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 may, h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i; h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, b\u1eb1ng ngang nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                          D\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 may, 4, 5 h\u1ed9i huy\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 may tuy\u1ec1n t\u1ec9nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 may trong m\u1ea5y t\u1ec9nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 may c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 d\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                          \u0110\u00e3 ngang l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc, th\u1ebf th\u00ec theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i ngang hay l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i d\u1ecdc? N\u1ebfu quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh d\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh ngang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mu\u1ed1n h\u1ed9i v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                            \u0110\u00e3 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i th\u00ec:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                            1. N\u00ean b\u1ecf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1edb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Trung K\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia l\u00e0 Nam K\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecd l\u00e0 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean chia ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 anh em c\u1ea3, ph\u1ea3i xem nhau nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                            2. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                            3. Ch\u1edb c\u00f3 b\u1ec9 th\u1eed<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>m\u00ecnh kh\u00e9o h\u01a1n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 khinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0103n ti\u1ec1n \u00edt.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                            4. Ch\u1edb c\u1eady m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0n anh.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                            5. Ch\u1edb cho b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                            6. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho ki\u00ean c\u1ed1?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                              C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, cho n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, ch\u1ec9 huy ph\u1ea3i mau m\u1eafn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                              Qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                              Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5, chi b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                              Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 5 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi b\u1ed9. Trong m\u1ed7i chi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i chia l\u00e0m m\u1ea5y ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5; m\u1ed7i chi b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed 3 ho\u1eb7c 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean; (ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean c\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trong l\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u) m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed t\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                              Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh chi b\u1ed9, chi b\u1ed9 theo t\u1ec9nh h\u1ed9i, t\u1ec9nh h\u1ed9i theo qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>. C\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec trong h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy c\u0169ng d\u1ec5, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                C\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ec5 m\u1edbi v\u1eefng, h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 m\u1edbi b\u1ec1n. Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh anh em;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                3. B\u00e0n b\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                4. \u0110i\u1ec1u tra t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong l\u00f2 m\u00e1y;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                5. \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i n\u00ean l\u00e0m;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                6. Thu h\u1ed9i ph\u00ed;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                7. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho chi b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 chi b\u1ed9 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho t\u1ec9nh b\u1ed9, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                  Chi b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 khai h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t. Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n nhau, quen bi\u1ebft nhau, cho n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 khai h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u00ed m\u1eadt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mau m\u1eafn h\u01a1n. Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea5m c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 kh\u00e9o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 trong c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 l\u00ean chi b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    N\u1ebfu trong t\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2 m\u00e1y, 4, 5 chi b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean (4, 5 l\u00f2 \u1ea5y m\u1ed7i l\u00f2 c\u1eed 1 ho\u1eb7c 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    B\u1ed9 u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean l\u00ean t\u1ec9nh h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    T\u1ec9nh h\u1ed9i l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    \u1ea4y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u00ec v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean khai h\u1ed9i b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1, khai h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, th\u00ec ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh. Khi h\u1ed9i tan th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i trong t\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng khai h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                    \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u00ean c\u1eed c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0trong h\u1ed9i. Khi khai h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh), \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c. Khai h\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i, ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. C\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                      T\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n. Khi b\u00e0n r\u1ed3i th\u00ec b\u1ecf th\u0103m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u00e3 b\u1ecf th\u0103m r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec giao cho h\u1ed9i u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean l\u00e0m, khi \u1ea5y th\u00ec\u00a0<\/em>t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung. Ai kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi th\u00ec u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                      G\u1eb7p vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp khai h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n x\u1eed tr\u00ed, sau b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                      G\u1eb7p vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eafm, th\u00ec h\u1ed9i u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean c\u1ee9 ph\u00e9p giao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c r\u1ed3i<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sao h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p h\u1ed9i ph\u00ed?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                        C\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n, nh\u01b0 thu\u00ea nh\u00e0, b\u00fat m\u1ef1c, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00ed, h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00ed, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng l\u00fac b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng \u00edch, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i “g\u00f3p gi\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u00e3o”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                        Khi h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba th\u00e3i, th\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho con ch\u00e1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        3. L\u1eadp n\u01a1i xem s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        4. L\u1eadp nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        5. L\u1eadp nh\u00e0 ng\u1ee7, nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        6. M\u1edf hi\u1ec7p t\u00e1c x\u00e3;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        7. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng binh<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed qu\u00e2n<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea3i xem ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, ch\u1edb cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u00fa \u00fd. H\u1ed9i ti\u00eau ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n minh, cho h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft. H\u1ed9i ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean thu n\u1eb7ng qu\u00e1; ph\u1ea3i theo s\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        8. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                          Khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 (nh\u00e0 x\u00e9c) v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, che m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. \u1ede T\u00e0u, \u1edf Nh\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec b\u00e1n b\u00e1nh b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong th\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n b\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c; cho n\u00ean ma t\u00e0 m\u1eadt th\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 n\u01a1i l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i c\u00fang t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9i ch\u01a1i, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 che cho c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                          L\u1ea1i khi m\u1edbi g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ra ho\u1eb7c \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u00edt, ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 c\u01a1 \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                          \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, th\u00ec h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                          \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                          T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C D\u00c2N C\u00c0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n c\u00e0y?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            N\u01b0\u1edbc ta kinh t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, trong 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn 90 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y. M\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y ta r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 c\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u01a1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n, \u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            Xem nh\u01b0 Trung K\u1ef3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1eebng 5.730.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 148.015 m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1926, T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ea5t 62.000 m\u1eabu. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1926, 175 th\u1eb1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            1.982 m\u1eabu \u1edf Thanh Ho\u00e1,<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            35.426 m\u1eabu \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An,<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            17.076 m\u1eabu \u1edf Nha Trang,<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            13.474 m\u1eabu \u1edf Phan Thi\u1ebft,<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            92.000 m\u1eabu \u1edf Kon Tum,<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            67.000 m\u1eabu \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                            Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec d\u00e2n ta c\u00f2n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e2u n\u1eefa m\u00e0 c\u00e0y!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cho\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                              Ch\u00fang n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1922<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, 20 th\u1eb1ng T\u00e2y r\u1ee7 nhau xin Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2y m\u1ed7i th\u1eb1ng 3.0002)<\/sup>\u00a0m\u1eabu trong l\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh. Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i nh\u00f3m c\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ra 60.000 m\u1eabu, 19 th\u1eb1ng b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i cho 1 th\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                              Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1926, nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng – Ph\u00e1p xin 30.000 m\u1eabu, trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 6 l\u00e0ng An Nam \u1edf. Khi nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111u\u1ed5i d\u00e2n ta \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                              Nam K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm m\u1ea5t 150.000 m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                              Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u01b0\u1edbp, ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfm. C\u00e1c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1edd n\u0103m n\u00e0o m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a, \u0111em ti\u1ec1n cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y vay. Ch\u00fang n\u00f3 b\u1eaft d\u00e2n \u0111em v\u0103n kh\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7m cho n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0103n l\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t n\u1eb7ng. V\u00ec l\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng qu\u00e1, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a sau tr\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i, th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 xi\u1ebft ru\u1ed9ng<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u1ea5y \u0111em l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3i<\/strong><\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>d\u00e2n c\u00e0y AnNam\u00a0th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 cho\u00e1n g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ebfng n\u00e0o th\u00ec Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf thi\u1ec7t n\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed7i t\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hoa l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eebng 25 \u0111\u1ed3ng, T\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng 5 h\u00e0o thu\u1ebf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 10 ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, mua ph\u00e2n tro, m\u01b0\u1edbn l\u00e0m, ti\u1ec1n \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft ch\u1eebng 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7 m\u1ea5t 5 \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n k\u1eb9p<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0l\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u01b0\u1ee1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                Ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. D\u00e2n ta c\u00e0y ra l\u00faa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu\u1ebf th\u00ec b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00e1n th\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf. T\u00e2y n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u1eady th\u00ec n\u00f3 mua r\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ch\u1edf \u0111i b\u00e1n c\u00e1c x\u1ee9, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m n\u00f3 ch\u1edf h\u1ebft 150 v\u1ea1n t\u1ea5n. N\u00f3 ch\u1edf \u0111i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o, th\u00ec g\u1ea1o k\u00e9m ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y, th\u00ec d\u00e2n ta ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00ean l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                  S\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y An Nam l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ru\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb T\u00e2y cho\u00e1n h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 c\u00e0y.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. G\u1ea1o b\u1ecb n\u00f3 ch\u1edf h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 \u0103n.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. L\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt, thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5t, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n, v\u1ee1 \u0111\u00ea, m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ee3 con, ho\u1eb7c \u0111em th\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3 ch\u1edf \u0111i T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. N\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c (th\u1eed h\u1ecfi d\u00e2n c\u00e0y ta c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u00ec?), v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c (d\u00e2n c\u00e0y ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, trong l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc?).<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                    N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n c\u00e0y An Nam mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng cay \u0111\u1eafng \u1ea5y, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n c\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                      C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n c\u00e0y thu\u00ea c\u00e0y r\u1ebd, t\u1eeb 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o. (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, m\u1eadt th\u00e1m, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o, say m\u00ea r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 a phi\u1ebfn<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>th\u00ec ch\u1edb cho v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i).<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Ai v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1eef quy t\u1eafc h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u0169 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. L\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i l\u00e0ng, 3 l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5ng, 3 t\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i huy\u1ec7n, 3 huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i t\u1ec9nh, 3 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. C\u00f2n c\u00e1ch khai h\u1ed9i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. H\u1ed9i d\u00e2n c\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                        D\u00e2n c\u00e0y trong l\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00fam x\u00edt \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n trong l\u00f2 m\u00e1y, cho n\u00ean h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n c\u00e0y l\u00e0ng th\u1ebf cho ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5; ng\u01b0\u1eddi u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean th\u1ebf cho t\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                        U\u1ef7 vi\u00ean b\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 huy cho h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, b\u00ean th\u00ec thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea5p truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u00ean th\u00ec b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean, b\u00ean th\u00ec b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                        C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ki\u1ebfm h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean m\u1edbi;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. \u0110i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1ch \u0103n l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c trong l\u00e0ng;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. \u0110\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. H\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1edf mang gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 xem s\u00e1ch, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        5. Khuy\u00ean anh em d\u00e2n c\u00e0y c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u, a phi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1c;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        6. \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                          N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00edch cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 sao gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                            \u1ea4y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt, th\u00ec:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ch\u1edb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ee3p nh\u00e0, ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, ph\u01b0\u1eddng chung l\u00faa, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 che m\u1eaft thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. V\u1ea3 trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 An Nam hi\u1ec7n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n c\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00ean theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y. C\u1ed1t l\u00e0m sao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eebng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              Khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng, h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              B\u1ed9 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 thao;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              B\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              B\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0y thu\u00ea (\u0111i c\u00e0y thu\u00ea g\u1eb7t m\u01b0\u1edbn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 g\u00ec c\u1ea3);<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              B\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0y r\u1ebd;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              B\u1ed9 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n trong l\u00e0ng tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c n\u1eeda c\u00e0y n\u1eeda th\u1ee3, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i cho v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n c\u00e0y);<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                              B\u1ed9 thanh ni\u00ean, b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. C\u00f3 n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ch\u01b0a?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i, h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ta. N\u1ebfu th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, sau \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y. D\u1eabu ch\u01b0a c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m T\u00e2y n\u00f3 b\u1eaft d\u00e2n ta h\u00fat 150 v\u1ea1n kil\u00f4 a phi\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y 1.500 v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eddi. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft ta mua 173.000.000 l\u00edt r\u01b0\u1ee3u, n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y 1.000 tri\u1ec7u phr\u0103ng l\u1eddi. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0m cho ta m\u1ea5t n\u00f2i m\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n c\u00e0y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 khuy\u00ean nhau \u0111\u1eebng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111\u1eebng h\u00fat a phi\u1ebfn, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng kh\u1ecfi m\u00f2n m\u1ecfi, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi \u0111em 1.000.000.000 phr\u0103ng v\u00e0 15.000.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c c\u00fang cho T\u00e2y. T\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ta v\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nhau, v\u00ec ta ngu d\u1ed1t. C\u00f3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 r\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i, sau th\u00ec khuy\u00ean nhau h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft “c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh” tinh th\u1ea7n, “c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh” kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec “c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh” ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xa.<\/p>\n\n\n\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                H\u1ee2P T\u00c1C X\u00c364<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ebft<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0sinh ra \u1edf b\u00ean Anh. N\u0103m 1761, m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i r\u1ee7 nhau l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed9i “l\u00e0m v\u1ea3i cho t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u00e1n gi\u00e1 trung b\u00ecnh trong l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1777, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c l\u1eadp ra. Sau c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp ra n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  N\u0103m 1864, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 999 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1923, th\u00ec h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 5.673.245 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 47.777.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 14 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u, v\u00e0 5.000 m\u1eabu v\u01b0\u1eddn ch\u00e8 (tr\u00e0), 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, 4.580.623 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u00ean Nga l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn Anh (ti\u00eau ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>), th\u1ee9 ba Ph\u00e1p (sinh s\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/a>3)<\/sup><\/a>), th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u00a0<\/em>\u0110an M\u00e1c<\/a>4)<\/sup><\/a>(n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c), th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c (ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/a>5)<\/sup><\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \u1ede Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i khi m\u1edbi l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1.840 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch 8 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 370.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Tuy c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y th\u00ec trong l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 Anh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: “C\u1ed1t l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p ho\u00e1 ra anh em. Anh em th\u00ec l\u00e0m gi\u00f9m nhau, nh\u1edd l\u1eabn nhau. B\u1ecf h\u1ebft th\u00f3i tranh c\u1ea1nh. L\u00e0m sao cho ai tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n tr\u00e1i, ai mu\u1ed1n \u0103n tr\u00e1i th\u00ec gi\u00f9m v\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    H\u1ed3i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0d\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng s\u00f3t c\u00e1ch g\u00ec, ch\u00fang n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n d\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c d\u00e2n, ch\u00fang n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e1n s\u00e0nh ra m\u1ee1, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n “l\u1ea5y g\u1eady th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e1nh l\u01b0ng th\u1ea7y” cho n\u00ean h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho d\u00e2n, sau l\u00e0 b\u1edbt s\u1ee9c b\u00f3p n\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef An Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u: “Nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh gi\u00e0u, chia nhau th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3” v\u00e0 “M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u00e0m ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean non, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh h\u00f2n n\u00fai cao”. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang ra, th\u00ec s\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m tranh \u1edf ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, th\u00ec l\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng ra l\u1ec1u, nh\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ra nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t \u1ea5y, tranh \u1ea5y, s\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i anh em \u1edf chung v\u1edbi nhau. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      L\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0103n c\u01a1m, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i, n\u1ea5u ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp, n\u1ea5u r\u1ed3i \u0103n ri\u00eang; \u0103n r\u1ed3i ai n\u1ea5y d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5y, th\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau c\u1ee7i, n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 th\u00ec gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 l\u00e0 “g\u00f3p g\u1ea1o th\u1ed5i c\u01a1m chung” cho kh\u1ecfi hao c\u1ee7a, t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n vui v\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. M\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 c\u00f3 4 c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 mua;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u00e1n;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. a) H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 kh\u00e1c h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n, v\u00ec h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 l\u1ee3i chung.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. b) H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3ti\u00eau \u0111i<\/em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\u00a0l\u00e0m ra<\/em>, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111i, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ra, ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch “c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh” ai c\u0169ng gi\u00fap m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u00fap<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hay l\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n; d\u00e2n c\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n chung v\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ra:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. H\u1ed9i vi\u00ean thi\u1ebfu v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0103n (vay v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau x\u00e0i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng cho) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi nh\u1eb9;<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. H\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u00f3 d\u01b0 d\u1eadt \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eedi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              D\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e0 g\u00f3p th\u00ec \u00edt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n vay th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, v\u1eady th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng? Mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. a) Ti\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n – N\u1ebfu 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng, 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00f3 1.000 v\u1ed1n, l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o th\u00ec c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng 10.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. b) L\u01b0u th\u00f4ng – N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec 1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu g\u00f3p l\u1ea1i, th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho A vay 100 h\u1eb9n 6 th\u00e1ng tr\u1ea3; th\u00e1ng 2 cho B vay 100 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i m\u00e3i, l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng m\u00e3i, c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ed1n, m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u0169ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00eam.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. c) T\u00edn d\u1ee5ng – L\u00e0m c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, th\u00ec giao d\u1ecbch d\u1ec5. V\u1eady th\u00ec v\u1ed1n tuy \u00edt m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 mua.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u0111i mua. Mua nhi\u1ec1u (mua s\u1ec9)<\/a>2)<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0th\u00ec ch\u1eafc r\u1ebb h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Mua l\u1ebb th\u00ec \u0111\u1eaft m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00ec x\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 mua s\u1ec9? Mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft. Cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thua thi\u1ec7t m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 g\u00f3p l\u1ea1i, mua s\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 chia nhau, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea5t th\u00ec gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed7i th\u00f9ng (d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda gi\u00e1 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 50 l\u00edt. Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n mua v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch pha ph\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ra 53 l\u00edt. D\u00e2n m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e1ch chai \u0111i ch\u1ee3 mua m\u1ed7i l\u00edt ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea5u, th\u1eafp l\u1ea1i mau h\u1ebft. T\u00ednh l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1 c\u00e1i th\u00f9ng 0\u011120<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                23 l\u00edt d\u1ea7u 2\u011130<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                C\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 2\u011150<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                53 nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u1ed7: 2\u011150 v\u00e0 53 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                N\u1ebfu 53 nh\u00e0 \u1ea5y g\u00f3p nhau ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i mua m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea5t 2\u011150, l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 53 gi\u1edd. \u0110em 53 gi\u1edd \u1ea5y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u1eddi n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u00e1n.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Mua c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng r\u1ebb, b\u00e1n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eaft. Mua c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eaft, b\u00e1n c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00e0ng r\u1ebb. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 b\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em r\u1ed5 khoai th\u00fang l\u00faa \u0111i ch\u1ee3, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eaft r\u1ebb c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1n cho xong, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebd mang \u0111i mang v\u1ec1 m\u00e3i. Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t thu\u1ebf, ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u1ee3 hao m\u00f2n. Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n bi\u1ebft v\u1eady, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1eaft b\u00ed tr\u1ea3 r\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  L\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5: 53 nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 53 th\u00fang l\u00faa, cho 53 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em \u0111i b\u00e1n, ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p 53 l\u1ea7n thu\u1ebf; \u0111ong \u0111i \u0111ong l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00e1o m\u1ea5t 53 n\u1eafm, nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u1eaft b\u00ed tr\u1ea3 r\u1ebb m\u1ea5t 53 xu (m\u1ed7i th\u00fang m\u1ed9t xu). Gi\u1eddi n\u1eafng, 53 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i u\u1ed1ng 53 xu n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e2n v.. T\u00ednh l\u1ea1i, thua thi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  N\u1ebfu 53 nh\u00e0 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u00e1n, th\u00ec l\u1eddi bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nhau l\u00e0m \u0103n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: D\u00e2n c\u00e0y m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 ch\u0103n, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i r\u00e0n<\/a>1)<\/sup><\/a>, l\u00f4i th\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o? L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, m\u00f9a c\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea tr\u00e2u. M\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u00e0y, b\u1eeba, cu\u1ed1c, li\u1ec1m, v\u00e2n v., khi c\u00e0y m\u1ebb, cu\u1ed1c c\u00f9n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n mua th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ecbu. N\u1ebfu chung nhau mua tr\u00e2u, mua \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e0y, ai d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed3ng ra b\u00f4ng; nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i, ph\u1ea3i \u0111em b\u00f4ng b\u00e1n r\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu g\u00f3p nhau l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, mua \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edt m\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho n\u00ean d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. Th\u1eed xem c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng bu\u00f4n s\u1edf d\u0129 m\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng qua n\u00f3 b\u1edbt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edbt xu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb h\u00e0ng bu\u00f4n \u0103n b\u1edbt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n c\u00e1ch xa nhau, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n l\u1eddi khi mua, l\u1ea1i \u0103n l\u1eddi khi b\u00e1n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00e8, trong\u00a0Nam\u00a0l\u00e0 hay u\u1ed1ng ch\u00e8. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng \u0111em v\u00e0o\u00a0Nam\u00a0b\u00e1n, d\u00e2n\u00a0Nam\u00a0kh\u00f4ng ra t\u1edbi B\u1eafc mua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      M\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e8 \u0111em b\u00e1n cho A, h\u00e0ng ch\u00e8 trong t\u1ed5ng; A \u0111em b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i cho B, bu\u00f4n ch\u00e8 trong ph\u1ee7,\u00a0\u0103n<\/em>\u00a0l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.\u00a0<\/em>B l\u1ea1i \u0111em b\u00e1n cho ph\u1ed1 C \u1edf t\u1ec9nh, \u0103n<\/em>\u00a0l\u1eddi 2<\/em>\u00a0l\u1ea7n.\u00a0<\/em>C b\u00e1n cho c\u00f4ng ty \u0110 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0103n<\/em>\u00a0l\u1eddi 3 l\u1ea7n.<\/em>\u00a0C\u00f4ng ty \u0110 b\u00e1n cho c\u00f4ng ty E S\u00e0i G\u00f2n,\u00a0\u0103n l\u1eddi 4<\/em>\u00a0l\u1ea7n.\u00a0<\/em>C\u00f4ng ty E l\u1ea1i b\u00e1n cho nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n F c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh,\u00a0\u0103n l\u1eddi 5 l\u1ea7n<\/em>. Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n F b\u00e1n s\u1ec9 cho ph\u1ed1 G c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7,\u00a0\u0103n<\/em>\u00a0l\u1eddi 6 l\u1ea7n.\u00a0<\/em>G b\u00e1n l\u1ebb cho H,\u00a0\u0103n l\u1eddi 7 l\u1ea7n.\u00a0<\/em>H b\u00e1n l\u1ebb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi u\u1ed1ng,\u00a0\u0103n l\u1eddi 8<\/em>\u00a0l\u1ea7n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra ch\u00e8 thua thi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi u\u1ed1ng ch\u00e8 c\u0169ng thua thi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 th\u00ec tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n \t\n\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp m\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng m\u1ed7i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp c\u1ea3 m\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 kia. Ch\u1eb3ng qua theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u01a1i n\u00e0o l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi hai h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 – mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n – l\u1eadp chung c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nhau, th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u1ea5y n\u00ean li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Ho\u1eb7c khi hai h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec c\u0169ng n\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 mua v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, xem h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, c\u1ea7m m\u00e1y, v\u00e2n v., th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p m\u01b0\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \u0110\u00e3 v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3p \u00edt, v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o sau, ai c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 nhau.\n(NTT-BTGTW)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n]]>\t\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1731,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1730","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-hoc-tap-va-lam-theo-tam-guong-ho-chi-minh"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1730"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1730\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1730"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoinongdanhp.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}